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H. E. Davey: Nakamura Tempu and the Origins of
Japanese Yoga
Nakamura Sensei's emphasis on experimentation and
understanding via direct perception echoes his training
in Western science and medicine. He frequently conducted
actual scientific experiments to study the effects of
Shin-shin-toitsu-do, and to this day, leading Western-style
physicians in Japan are prominent practitioners of Japanese
yoga. Jiko anji, his method of autosuggestion, which
makes use of a mirror and a positive suggestion given before
falling asleep, is derived from his experiences in the
Himalayas, but the explanation is directly borrowed from
his study of Western psychology in Europe.
And certainly, various native Japanese influences can be
felt in Shin-shin-toitsu-do. Shinto is the indigenous
Japanese religion, emphasizing purity and unification with
nature, and its influence has permeated every aspect of
Japanese culture. Likewise, Zen Buddhism has had
a dramatic impact on Japan beginning with its arrival from
China many years ago. Since Nakamura Tempu Sensei grew up
and lived within the Japanese cultural matrix, which has
been imbued for centuries with Zen and Shinto, it should
come as no surprise that some of the elements and aesthetics
of these religions can be encountered in his Japanese yoga.
What's more, certain "Japanized" Chinese influences can be
found as well. Chinese Taoism has always stressed living
in harmony with Nature and oneness with the Universe. Over
time it evolved various meditations and health exercises
that aimed at not only enlightenment, but also longevity,
and in some cases, outright immortality. Centuries ago,
like many aspects of Chinese culture, these teachings
migrated to Japan, where Taoism became known as Dokyo.
Taoist mystics, who had attained a high degree of spiritual
development and physical vitality--and according to some
legends, immortality as well--were called Hsien in
China. In Japan, this Chinese character was pronounced
"Sen" or "Sennin." Esoteric Taoist meditative
practices and health maintenance techniques sometimes come
under the general heading of Sennin-do, while arcane
Taoist derived healing arts can be generically termed Sennin
Ryoji. The influences of these Taoist methods, which are
sometimes dubbed Senjutsu and/or Sendo, can
also be felt in Shin-shin-toitsu-do. In particular, the emphasis
on the development of life energy in Shin-shin-toitsu-do is
paralleled in Chinese Taoist chi-kung (kiko
in Japanese). More than one author has written that the
Taoist Sennin were the Japanese equivalents to the Indian
yogi, and their effect is particularly felt in some
Shin-shin-toitsu-do breathing exercises and the self-healing
arts. In fact, Shin-shin-toitsu-do can also be thought of as
a form of Sennin-do.
And while certainly not a form of martial arts, Japanese
budo ("martial ways") have also had a strong effect
on Shin-shin-toitsu-do. Nakamura Sensei was a practitioner
of batto, a form of Japanese swordsmanship, and the
influence of the martial arts can be felt in certain moving
exercises, or forms of dynamic mediation, taught in Japanese
yoga. During the Russo-Japanese War, he used his sword in
battle and earned the rather dubious nickname "Man-Cutting
Tempu." Yet after returning from India, he stressed love and
protection for all creations, and during W.W.II saved the
life of a downed American pilot, whom Japanese villagers
were beating. While Nakamura Sensei continued to practice
solo sword forms for the rest of his life, he was quick
to emphasize that he envisioned no enemy while performing
batto as moving meditation.
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